Dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive eye condition that develops over time due to changes in the macula—the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision. Rather than having a single cause, dry AMD is the result of a combination of natural ageing processes and environmental and genetic risk factors.
Ageing and Retinal Changes
Ageing is the primary factor behind dry AMD. Over time, the macula becomes thinner and less able to maintain healthy retinal cells. A key feature of this process is the accumulation of drusen: small deposits that form beneath the retina. As these deposits build up, they can disrupt normal retinal function and gradually lead to damage in the cells responsible for central vision.
Risk Factors That Influence Dry AMD
In addition to ageing, several factors can increase the likelihood of developing dry AMD or affect how quickly it progresses. Genetics can play a significant role, meaning those with a family history of the condition may be at higher risk. Lifestyle factors such as smoking are strongly linked to increased retinal damage, while long-term exposure to sunlight may also contribute to changes within the macula. Overall health and diet can further influence how well the retina is supported over time.